Bibliography

List of important reference articles collected from Bibliography sources.

[1] British Standards Institution, 1983 BS 499: Part 1 (Welding Terms and Symbols, Glossary of welding, brazing and thermal cutting).
[2] American Welding Society, 1989 Welding Handbook, vol 1, Welding Technology, 8th edn, Miami, AWS.
[3] International Standards Organisation, ISO 4063, 1998 Welding and allied processes – Nomenclature of processes and reference numbers.
[4] Bay N, 1986 ‘Cold welding’, pts 1–3, Met Constr, 18(6, 8, and 10).
[5] Benn B, 1988 ‘Friction welding of butt joints for high duty applications’, Weld
Met Fabric, August/September, 56.
[6] Nicholas E D and Teale R A, 1988 ‘Friction welding of duplex stainless steel’,
Offshore Technology conf, Houston, TX, 2–5 May 1988.
[7] Nicholas E D, 1982 ‘A friction welding application in the nuclear power industry’,
Weld Inst Res Bull, 23(1).
[8] Essa A A and Bahrani A S 1989 ‘The friction joining of ceramics to metals’,
Proc int conf on the Joining of Materials, JOM-4, Helsingor, Denmark, 19–22
March.
[9] Thomas W M et al. 1984 ‘Feasibility studies into surfacing by friction welding’,
TWI Res Rep, 236, Cambridge: The Welding Institute.
[10] Nicholas D and Watts E, 1990 ‘Friction welding – a sparkling success’, Weld
Inst, Connect, (8) April
[11] Bartle P M, 1983 ‘Diffusion bonding – principles and applications’, Weld Inst
Res Bull, 24(3).
[12] Johnson K I et al. 1979 ‘MIAB welding, principles of the process’, Met Constr
11(11).
[13] Edson D A, 1983 ‘Application of MIAB welding’, Proc Conf Developments and
Innovations for Improved Welding Production, The Welding Institute, Birmingham,
England, 13–15 Sept.
[14] Smith D S, 1989 ‘Control of quality and cost in fabrication of high integrity
pipework systems’, Proc Weldfab Midlands seminar, 25–26 Oct.
[15] 1989 ‘Control of welding – welding procedures, basic welding data, No. 11’,
Weld Metal Fabricat, 57(10).
[16] Salter G R, 1970 ‘Introduction to arc welding economics’, Metal Construct Br
Weld J, June.

[17]Lundin CD, Khan KK. Fundamental Studies of the Metallurgical Causes and Mitigation of Reheat Cracking in 1.25Cr–0.5Mo and 2.25Cr–1Mo Steels. WRC Bulletin No. 409. New York: Welding Research Council; 1996.

[18]Meitzner CF, Pense AW. Stress-relief cracking in low-alloy steel weldments. Weld J 1969;48 (10):431s–440s.

[19]Thomas RD Jr. HAZ cracking in thick sections of austenitic stainless steels, Part 1. Weld J 1984;63 (9):24–32.
[20]ThomasJrRD. HAZ cracking  in thick sections of austenitic stainlesssteels,
Part2.WeldJ 1984;63 (9):355s–368s.

[21]Curran RM, Rankin AW. Welding Type 347 stainless steel for 1100°F turbine operation. Weld J 1955;34 (3):205–213.

[22]Thomas Jr RD, Messler Jr RW. Welding Type 347 Stainless Steel: An Interpretive Report. WRC Bulletin No. 421. New York: Welding Research Council; 1997.

[23]Dupont JN, Lippold JC, Kiser SD. Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of Nickel Base Alloys. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley and Sons, Inc; 2009. p 364–367.

[24]CoeFr.WeldingSteelswithoutHydrogenCracking.Cambridge,Uk:WeldingInstitute;1973.

[25] ISo 17642-3:2005. Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials—Cold cracking tests for weldments—Arc welding processes—Part 3: Externally loaded tests. 1st edn: International organization for Standardization, geneva, Switzerland; 2005.

[26]National Electric Manufacturers Association (NEMA), Electric arc welding power sources, EW1. Rosslyn, Virginia: National Electric Manufacturers Association.

[27]Jackson, C. E. 1973. Fluxes and slags in welding. Welding Research Council Bulletin 190. New York: Weld-
ing Research Council.

[28]Stout, R. D., C. W. Ott, A. W. Pense, D. J. Snyder, B. R.
Somers, and R. E. Somers. 1987. Weldability of
steels. New York: Welding Research Council.

[29]International Institute of Welding. 1984. The Physics of Welding. Ed. J. F. Lancaster. Oxford, U.K.: Pergamon Press.

[30]Salkin, J. T. 1997. Rotating tungsten narrow groove GTAW—a summary of process development, capabilities, and applications. Proceedings of the EWI International Conference on Advances in Weld- ing Technology. Columbus, Ohio: Edison Welding Institute.

[31]Smith, J. S., et al. 1986. A vision-based seam tracker for TIG welding. Computer Technology in Welding. Cambridge, U. K.: The Welding Institute.

[32]Altshuller, B. 1998. A guide to GMA welding of alumi- num. Welding Journal 77(6): 49.

[33]Baujet, V., and C. Charles. 1990. Submarine hull construction using narrow-groove GMAW. Welding Journal 69(8): 31–36.

[34]Bruss, R. A. 1996. Designing GMA welding guns with the welder’s comfort in mind. Welding Journal 75(10): 31–33.

[35]Jonsson, P. G., A. B. Murphy, and J. Szekely. 1995. The influence of oxygen additions on argon-shielded gas metal arc welding processes. Welding Journal 74(2): 48-s–58-s.

[36]Kim, Y. S., and T. W. Eagar. 1993. Metal transfer in pulsed current GMAW. Welding Journal 72(7): 279-s– 287-s.

[37]Kim, Y. S., and T. W. Eagar. 1993. Analysis of metal transfer in gas metal arc welding. Welding Journal 72(6): 269-s–278-s.

[38]Nadeau, F. 1990. Computerized system automates GMA pipe welding. Welding Journal 69(6): 53–59.

[39]Sampath, K., R. S. Green, D.A. Civis, B. E. Williams,
and P. J. Konkol. 1995. Metallurgical model speeds development of GMA welding wire for HSLA steel. Welding Journal 74(12): 69–76.

[40]Kim, Y. S., and T. W. Eagar. 1993. Analysis of metal transfer in gas metal arc welding. Welding Journal 72(6): 269-s–278-s.

[41]Kimura, S., I. Ichihara and Y. Nagai. 1979. Narrow-gap gas metal arc welding process in flat position. Welding Journal 58(7): 44–52.

[42]Mitchie, K., S. Blackman, and T. E. B. Ogunbiyi. 1999. Twin-wire GMAW: process characteristics and applications. Welding Journal 78(5): 31–34

[43]Sadler, H. 1999. A look at the fundamentals of gas metal arc welding. Welding Journal 78(5): 45–47.

[44]Lathabai, S. and R. D. Stout. 1985. Shielding gas and heat input effects on flux cored weld metal properties. WeldingJournal. 64(11):303-s-313-s.

[45]Liu, S. 1998. Arc welding consumables-covered and cored electrodes: a century of evolution. ASM Con- ference Paper: Trends in Welding Research. (6)1998. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International.

Welding Research

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Welding education and training 

 

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2.Welders training and certifications

We can appreciate the importance of theoretical as well as practical inputs for a reasonable time period(7weeks) to make a useful welder both qualified and skilled.Many countries follow standards which give very useful guidelines to conduct training programme effectively.Only qualified and certified welders need to be employed as per respective codes for product manufacture.There is lot of demand for such welders for plate and pipe welding applications.As some of the products are very critical due to  stringent service requirement ,welders should be trained as per specific job needs. Pressure vessels manufacture involves both shop floor and site fabrication.Many materials as well as welding positions makes the training more involved and instructors face many challenges.They require good competence. Welders put on the job should satisfy quality requirements and must exhibit enormous skills as the joints should pass NDT tests and meet service specifications. During training period the welders should acquire sufficient knowledge on theoretical aspects and also practice as per instructions.Week after week their performance should improve and only fit welders are allowed to appear for testing before authorised approval body.After certifying only they are allowed to weld on the job.Recertification is mandatory after a stipulated period. IS 817 gives complete details for shielded metal arc training. In the USA ,AWSD1.1,ASME sec IX,API 1104 are generally used for welder certification.Some companies in addition may specify their own standards . In Europe EN  ISO 9606-1(EN 287-1) is used for welders testing of fusion welds in steels. Typical training guidelines from world reputed organisations are given below for reference. Typical competency for SMAW welders Line (GAC): D Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Competency: D6 Use the SMAW process on low carbon steel plate and pipe Objectives To be competent in this area, the individual must be able to:  Use the SMAW process to weld groove welds on low carbon steel plate and pipe. LEARNING TASKS CONTENT 1. Weld multi-pass groove welds on single-vee butt  joint using the SMAW process On low carbon steel plate: o Flat (1G) position o Horizontal (2G) position o Vertical (3G) position- uphill o Vertical (3G) position- downhill o Overhead (4G) Achievement Criteria Performance Conditions Criteria The learner will be evaluated on their ability to use the SMAW process to:  Weld single-vee butt joint with open root in the 1G position  Weld single bevel butt joints with backing in the 1GF, 2GF, 3GF uphill and 4GF positions  Weld groove welds on mild steel plate in the 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G positions  Weld groove welds on mild steel pipe, in the 1G, 2G, 5G (uphill), 5G downhill and 6G (uphill) positions As part of a practical shop project, given the required tools and materials.  Welds will be evaluated for: o Correct alignment o Smoothness o Absence of irregularities, surface porosity, undercut and arc strikes o Overall appearance o Reinforcement of 2.5 mm (3/32”) or less  Test coupons must pass the bend tests Completed within specifications, safety standards and time frames acceptable to industry.  On low carbon steel pipe: o Flat rolled (1G) position o Vertical fixed (2G) position o Horizontal fixed (5G) position – uphill o Inclined fixed 45deg (6G) position – uphill o Horizontal fixed (5G) position – downhill o Combination (2G - 5G) positionLine (GAC): F Semi-Automatic Welding Competency: F4 Use the GMAW process Objectives To be competent in this area, the individual must be able to use the GMAW process to:  Weld stringer beads, fillet welds and groove welds on aluminum plate.  Weld groove welds on open root, single vee butt joints on mild steel plate.  Weld groove welds on low carbon steel pipe. LEARNING TASKS CONTENT 1. Weld multi-pass groove welds  2. Weld stringer beads using the GMAW process  3. Weld fillet welds using the GMAW process  On low carbon steel pipe o Flat rolled (1G) position  Butt joint On aluminum plate o In the flat position On aluminum plate: o Flat (1F) position  Lap joint  Tee joint o Horizontal (2F) position  Lap joint  Tee joint o Vertical (3F) position – uphill  Lap joint  Tee joint o Overhead (4F) position  Tee joint On aluminum plate: o Flat (1G) position o Horizontal (2G) position o Vertical (3G) position – uphill o Overhead (4G) position 4. Weld single-pass and multi-groove welds using  the GMAW process o o Industry Training Authority Flat (2G) position Horizontal fixed (5G) position - downhill  On mild steel plate: o Flat (1G) position o Horizontal (2G) position o Vertical (3G) position – downhil o Overhead (4G) position  On mild steel pipe: Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Competency: H4 Use the GTAW process for ferrous metals Objectives To be competent in this area, the individual must be able to use the GTAW process to:  Strike an arc using two methods.  Weld stringer beads and fillet welds on low carbon steel sheet.  Weld groove welds using low carbon steel filler metal on low carbon steel sheet. LEARNING TASKS 1 Strike an arc using three methods 2. Weld stringer beads 3. Weld single-pass fillet welds 4. Weld groove welds using mild steel filler rod CONTENT  Methods: o Scratch start o Lift arc o High frequency  Flat (1S) position  On low carbon steel sheet: o Flat (1F) position  Corner joints o Horizontal (2F) position  Lap joints  Tee joints o Vertical (3F) position - uphill  Lap joints  Tee joints  On mild steel plate: o Flat (1G) position o Horizontal (2G) position o Vertical (3G) position - uphill Achievement Criteria Performance Conditions Criteria The learner will be evaluated on their ability to:  Strike an arc using the touch start method and high frequency start method  Weld stringer beads in the flat position on mild steel sheet  Weld fillet welds in the 1F, 2F and 3F (uphill) positions on lap and tee joints on mild steel sheet As part of a practical shop project and given the required tools and equipment.  Striking an arc must follow correct procedure and establish a puddle of desirable size.  Stringer beads will be evaluated for: o Good fusion o Smooth, slightly convex beads o Absence of stray strike marks o Absence of irregularities, porosity and undercut  Fillet welds will be evaluated for each of the criteria above, plus they must have legs of equal length.  Groove welds will be evaluated for: o Good fusion o Smooth, slightly convex contour o Absence of irregularities, undercut and porosity o Absence of stray arc strikes o Reinforcement no greater than 2.5 mm (3/32”)  Test coupons must pass the bend tests Completed within specifications, safety standards and time frames acceptable to industry.  

3.Best Welding education & Training and certification centres

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     Welding expertise  for better professionals  

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Best  welding expertise for professionals requires continuous update of knowledge on various aspects of welding technogy:processes,weldability,welding design,welding education and training,applications,research and skills. There are very good opportunities for qualified and certified welding professionals with best expertise in welding technology.

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Conventional processes and advanced welding process are essential for industrial sectors:Power,Oil,Gas,Transportation,Construction and defence http://www.ASME.org

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For the last 60 years there has been tremendous effort to develop new processes,applications,welding systems to improve quality of welds.All this was possible by welding expertise gained by research personnel spread across the world.

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Industrial sectors:power,oil,transportation,aero-space,Construction, electrical appliances ,domestic products and defence equipment extensively use materials joining processes.Welding plays a major role in any countries growth.Last 60 years were the golden years for welding process development and this helped in introduction of very useful processes for improving productivity. Best Applications http://www.nobleclad.com https://youtu.be/XMSaX-3tOUw  

Welding knowhow

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As there is tremendous growth in welding fabrication industries,there is need to improve knowledge in all aspects of welding: Processes,weldability,research,design,applications,education and training and placements. Welding essentials http://www.ASME.org Teaching Robotic arc welders- welding knowhow essential

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   1.Welding design Welding essentials are necessary to develop best weld designs  for fabrication.Welding Designfor welding includes,stress analysis,weld joints and edge preparation,welding symbols,residual stresses and distortion and selection of appropriate welding processes. Welding expertise for weld design  2.Welding research Welding Research Welding essentials and knowledge acquired provide opportunity to develop continuously.  Many reputed organisations, equipment manufacturers, research establishments,and professional societies are continuously engaged in useful developments for the benefit of welding community. 3.Welding quiz Weld QuizWelding quiz improves welding knowledge and expertise.For faster learning by students as well as practicing engineers ,this helps to clarify doubts and helps in correcting mistakes.  4.Welding automation Productivity is linked to Latest trendsin automationLow cost automation,Full automation and use of dedicated systems for in feed  and out feed are all employed for many applications requiring production rate. 5.Advanced welding processes Friction stir welding, special purpose GTAW,GMAW systems,EB,LASER may see increasing use in industries.Critical jobs require use of Advanced welding processes :aero space,defence,nuclear,transportation etc.require these processes.

Welding knowledge for advanced welding process 6.Welding tips correct methods and techniques help professionals. Many useful Welding tips   are given for easy implementation. 7.Weldability Weldability studies on ferrous and non ferrous metals make the users establish correct welding procedures.

8.Welding essentials for applications

Welding processes are employed in all industrial sectors:power,oil and gas,transportation,defence, aerospace and construction.Applicationsrequire knowledge of weldability,welding design,testing of welds,etc.Service conditions and economics dictate use of correct methods and techniques.Welding expertise requires regular update of all aspects of welding. 9.Welding education and best training. Welding engineering discipline is highly specialised. Welding Education and training ,certification programmes are required.Well trained and certified welders are in demand. 10.Placements for welding professionals All qualified and certified welding professionals find enormous opportunities. There are many reputed institutes available to train engineers,supervisors and welders to cater industries requirements.Qualified and certified professionals find Welding placements.